Untested Sexual Assault Kits
Project Dates
December 2009 – January 2023
Stage of Project
TBD
Study Overview
A team of Michigan State University psychologists, led by Professor Rebecca Campbell and Assistant Professor Katie Gregory, recently concluded a major three-year study looking at the victim notification process for Detroit’s untested sexual assault kit survivors on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice Office on Violence Against Women.
“Our findings suggest that integrating confidential community-based advocacy services into all aspects of the notification and re-engagement process is critical for supporting survivors’ well-being and promoting justice,” said project lead Katie Gregory.
This project — the most comprehensive study to date on re-engaging with victims who have had a DNA match in the FBI’s national criminal database, CODIS — is part of a long-term collaboration with the city of Detroit to address its untested sexual assault kits.
In 2009, 11,303 untested sexual assault kits were discovered in a Detroit Police Department warehouse. These kits spanned 30 years, from 1980 to 2009. This discovery didn’t only happen in Detroit; cities across the U.S. were finding their own stockpiles. According to estimates, more than 200,000 rape kits went untested across the country.
With the help of government funding, many cities now test their older sexual assault kits, which raises a new issue: How should victims be informed that their sexual assault kit hadn’t been tested but now will be?
The final report states that the notification process “raises complex issues for sexual assault survivors as these traumatic events in their lives are revisited. Advocates need empirically based recommendations for how best to serve this vulnerable population.”
To give these recommendations, the team knew it needed to hear from the Detroit victims themselves.
The researchers partnered with Avalon Healing Center, a community-based sexual assault victim services agency that has been a key partner in Detroit’s effort to resolve its untested sexual assault kits, to develop a protocol to begin re-engaging with the sexual assault victims so their voices could be heard throughout the study.
Throughout the process, they conducted qualitative interviews with 32 sexual assault survivors who all had experienced a CODIS DNA match; had been notified by law enforcement personnel either in-person, by phone or by a mailed letter; and had agreed to re-engage with the criminal legal system. The researchers also conducted qualitative interviews with 12 advocates who provided advocacy and support to the Detroit survivors throughout the process of notifying victims.
“I’d like to stress how important it is to have advocates at the table from the beginning when informing survivors with previously untested sexual assault kits,” Gregory said. “When advocates weren’t there, the survivors noticed. It compounded the trauma for many survivors.”
Key Guidance
By analyzing the survivor and advocate interviews, the team was able to provide key suggestions for how other notification teams can be better trauma-informed.
Survivors shared that in-person notifications conducted by law enforcement personnel were frightening. Because of this, survivors and advocates recommended that advocates make the first contact with survivors either alone or with the detectives.
“An advocate is an advocate for the survivor,” Campbell said. “They are uniquely trained in how to listen and how to access the resources survivors truly want.”
By emphasizing that advocates are there for the survivors for as long as they are needed — to listen or to help connect them with resources — survivors feel less alone in processing their trauma.
The interviews showed that having an advocate’s support helped survivors cope with the range of emotions that they may have felt throughout the process, including at the time of notification and in any interactions with legal system personnel. At the time of notification, many victims reported feeling angry, betrayed and disappointed — while also trying to take in the overwhelming details about their specific case.
Survivors and advocates also advised that receiving an apology from the detectives at the point of notification was essential in their healing process. In this study, only 13% of the interviewees stated that they received an apology from law enforcement.
From Detroit to other Michigan communities
Campbell and Gregory are using their findings from the Detroit study to inform similar research with Kalamazoo County through a grant from the Michigan State Police.
With the community being smaller, the Kalamazoo notification team can notify survivors on a case-by-case basis by seeing whether an in-person visit, a phone call or a letter would be best for them. Another big difference is that advocates are involved in the notification process from the very start.
“I hope that teams around the country who are grappling with how to connect with survivors understand that healing looks different for everyone. These notifications can be an opportunity to connect survivors with services and with people who can help,” Gregory said. “If you can keep that at the center of notifying victims, it can be an opportunity for healing.”
This has been adapted from a story that originally ran on the College of Social Science website.
This study provides guidance to a variety of teams, including lawyers, law enforcement and advocates, who are tasked with notifying sexual assault survivors and potentially asking them to participate in the reopening and prosecution of their cases.
Dr. Campbell’s research examines how contact with the legal and medical systems affects adult, adolescent, and pediatric victims’ psychological and physical health. Her research has been funded by National Institute of Justice, the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She was the lead researcher for the National Institute of Justice-funded Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Action Research Project, which was designated as an Exemplary Project by the Association of Public & Land Grant Universities (APLU) and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Most recently, she co-chaired Michigan State University’s efforts to develop a five-year institutional strategic plan to address relationship violence and sexual misconduct. Dr. Campbell received the 2014 William J. Beal Distinguished Faculty Award from Michigan State University, and the 2015 Crime Victim Research Award from the U.S. Department of Justice. Dr. Campbell also conducts training on sexual assault for law enforcement and multidisciplinary practitioners in civilian, military, and campus community settings.
Research Team
PIs
Dr. Rebecca Campbell
Dr. Rebecca Campbell is a Professor of Psychology and Presidential Advisor on Relationship Violence & Sexual Misconduct at Michigan State University. She holds a Ph.D. in community psychology with a concentration in statistics, also from Michigan State University. For the past 25 years, she has been conducting community-based, participatory research on violence against women and children, with an emphasis on sexual assault.
Project Director
Dr. Katie Gregory
Dr. Katie Gregory is is a Professor of Ecological-Community Psychology at Michigan State University and the Director of the Michigan Victim Advocacy Network (MiVAN), funded by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Victim Services. Dr. Gregory’s research examines how medical, legal, and social service systems respond to survivors of sexual assault and more broadly, survivors of gender-based violence. Most recently, Dr. Gregory is a co-investigator for a National Sexual Assault Kit Initiative (SAKI) funded project through the Michigan State Police, examining a community’s SAKI team response, including the re-opening, re-investigation, and decision to prosecute cases related to previously untested rape kits.
